What did the early motion pictures do to change mass communication?cici

Initially, early motion pictures changed our way of communicating by creating a new artistic medium in which to express our thoughts, with images of real and imaginary subjects.  Motion pictures also changed how many inventors and businessmen made their fortunes.  


With the invention of the Kinetograph and the kinetoscope, the world of mass communications began.  Having a medium in which to show object and people to large masses on the big screen.  Having this knowledge evolved into having the ability to create commercials, television series, news shows and an endless world for the creative geniuses of early film to explore and prosper from.

Describe the contributions of two early Colonial American Women Publishers

Two early colonial publishers, who campaigned for Civil Rights for women were Ida B Smith and Ms Jane Grey Swisshelm.  


Swisshelm's views became public as her writings in the Spirit of Liberty publication in 1844 were made public.  She also continued her writings for women's rights in the Pittsburgh Saturday Visitor.  Swisshelm also penned her writings for the New York Tribune in Washington DC and eventually she became the Senate Press Gallery, under the direction of President Millard Fillmore.


Ida B Smith's legacy started as she began to write about and take a stand against the lynching of her people in the 1890's.  Her career in journalism grew to incorporate her being part owner of the Free Speech and Headlight publication in Memphis, which highlighted the plight of emancipation and racism.  


Ida eventually became a writer for the Negro Press Association in Memphis and proceeded to write a story about three African-American men who had been killed. She traveled to New York, married a lawyer from Chicago, and decided to not return to Memphis, but actively campaigned for the rights of African Americans until she passed away in 1931.

How can Cognitive Dissonance help you as a communicator

According to Wikipedia, Cognitive Dissonance is described as The theory  in social psychology that proposes people have a motivational drive to reduce dissonance by altering existing conditions or adding new ones to create consistency.


With that being said, The Cognitive Dissonance Theory as it pertains to Marketing a product, our your self for that matter, has real significance.  People are prone to want "want" the BEST!  It is built into our DNA. If you figure that someone is better than you, or that they use products or services that you yourself cannot afford, you work a little bit harder to become them or to be able to afford the products they use with those "name brands"  on them.  


Mastering the principals of Cognitive Dissonance help you to better communicate by bringing to light the thought process needed to determine what will make a encounter with another more positive, or a product or service more enticing to the consumer.  This process is critical to the Cognitive Dissonance theory which states that we strive for what is best for us, no matter what the circumstance,  to relieve the stress and anxiety in every aspect of our lives.


For example, you can become a better communicator by evaluating the situation you are presented with, evaluate all of the possibilities that will produce a positive outcome,  and then implement the strategic plan that focuses solely on the other person's interpretation of your thoughts and ideas.  

What was Edward R Murrow's style of Journalism and what impact did it have on the field of journalism?

According the the museum of Broadcast Communications, Edward R. Murrow is the most distinguished and renowned figure in the history of American broadcast journalism. He was a seminal force in the creation and development of electronic newsgathering as both a craft and a profession. 


Murrow's career began at CBS in 1935 and spanned the infancy of news and public affairs programming on radio through the ascendancy of television in the 1950s, as it eventually became the nation's most popular news medium. 


In 1961, Murrow left CBS to become director of the United States Information Agency for the new Kennedy administration. By that time, his peers were already referring to a "Murrow legend and tradition" of courage, integrity, social responsibility, and journalistic excellence, emblematic of the highest ideals of both broadcast news and the television industry in general.

In the Movie Good Night and Good Luck, his journalism style was portrayed as factual and no-nonsense.  He gave the public what they craved, news information that was informative and that kept you on the cutting edge of world affairs.  Even though the movie centered mostly on Murrow's aversion to Senator Joe R McCarthy's taking down of innocent people which McCarty viewed as Communist supporters throughout our nation, it portrayed the type of man that Edward R Murrow was, a man with integrity who believed in his career and craft of educating his listeners and then viewers on important topics that could change their lives or their perceptions of the world.

Would the same panic occur if the WAR OF THE WORLDS scandal occurred today?

NO - I do not believe that the same panic that occurred in the 1940's with the entertainment broadcast of WAR OF THE WORLDS.  Reason being because, at the time of the broadcast, we were just learning about space and the vast unknown of outer space.  We were also, for the first time, being shown movies that depicted fictional alien creatures, which made people focus in on what they had seen and were now hearing happen.


Close to 70 years have passed and sadly, most people do not listen to their radio to hear stories like that being told.  We listen to radio to hear our favorite music, or our favorite talk show hosts, but we have grown beyond the radio being a source of theatrical entertainment.  I also think that we are more cynical in our beliefs, and that, if we were to hear something of this magnitude, everyone would be questioning the incident and if it was real, it would be broadcast on the over 500 television stations we have access to, or it would pop up on our cells phones and computers, so that type of hysteria would not set in.

Discuss the "WAR OF THE WORLDS" broadcast and its effects upon it's audience. How did it change people's perceptions of Radio?

H.G. Wells "War of the Worlds" broadcast by Orson Wells and numerous other radio and stage entertainers, brought a nation to it's knees.  Even though it was announced that the depiction of the story was for entertainment on the radio that evening, many people had not turned in yet to hear this disclosure, and as the story continued, were in fear for their lives, as they assumed all of what they were hearing was real.


This sci-fi thriller was depicted so "life-like" by incredible radio entertainers, that many across the nation thought that our nation was really being attacked by aliens.  In order to get ratings, even though it was brought to the actors attention that their broadcast was causing a hysteria, they chose to finish the broadcast. The "realness" made many so scared that they tried to leave their homes and the cities in which they lived, before the alien aircraft and martians came to get them too.  


This event is one of those historical moments that will be told forever.  After the general public was reassured that this was just a fictional story being broadcast that evening, and that none of it was true, the public was outraged.  They demanded that there be policies and procedures put into place so that nothing like what happened with this broadcast, would happen again.  People were weary to believe anything that was broadcast via radio for quite some time.

What Impact did Radio have on Society?

With the invention of the Radio in 1894 by Guglielmo Marconi, the impact of the Radio was immediately felt around the world.  The impact on society was evident immediately.  The Radio offered to people, both rich and not so rich, the ability to have communication with other people, whether here in the US or from around the world, at any time, day or night.  


Societies all over the world began to evolve, change and flourish with this new and amazing machine bringing new ideas and information to them.  Broadcasts of all types could be heard by anyone who would listen.  Being able to learn about others, whether they were in your own town, or in another part of the world had been unheard of, until the creation of the radio.  No longer did you have to wait for mail to arrive, lots of pertinent information came across the airwaves daily.


Radio also gave entertainers and musicians another way to share their talents.  This in turn changed society by opening up a whole new world of entertainment to the masses.  It also brought about new jobs and different ways for advertisers and station owners to increase their profits, effecting the socio-economics in this country.

How does FACEBOOK illustrate social penetration theory

According to Wikipedia - Social penetration theory was formulated by psychology professors Irwin Altman and Dalmas Taylor as their attempt to describe the dynamics of relational closeness. They proposed that closeness occurs through a gradual process of self-disclosure, and closeness develops if the participants proceed in a gradual and orderly fashion from superficial to intimate levels of exchange as a function of both immediate and forecast outcomes.^[1] This psychological theory, as with many others, is applied in the context of interpersonal relationships such as communications. It can also be defined as the process of developing deeper intimacy with another person through mutual self-disclosure and other forms of vulnerability. 


With that said, Facebook illustrates this theory everyday, through each "Friends" willingness to disclose personal information about themselves, that in everyday life, they may not disclose.  On Facebook, I know that many of my friends have posted their marital status, their favorite movies, music and entertainers.  In the past, it would take months to find out all of this about a person, but thanks to Facebook, you can now know all of this and much more with the click of button on your computer.  


What is also astounding is that information even my close personal friends share with "the world" on Facebook, are things that in the past we would share only with one another, via phone or at lunch/dinner, and we asked one another not to share these things with anyone.  I personally find it very surprising that these same individuals now feel that they have to share these things with everyone on Facebook, because apparently if everyone else is doing it, then I can or must too! This type of self-disclosure was unheard of before MySpace and Facebook came into existence.  We were always warned at our jobs to make sure that we didn't put personal information out there unless it was mandatory, for fear of someone stealing your personal information and your identity.  


Altman and Taylor's psychological theory is proven constantly on Facebook.  And like one of the comedian's on Comedy Central shared last night "I think the Mark Zuckerberg didn't develop Facebook, I think the Federal Government did....think of how many less Agents they need now that the CIA can keep track of everyone through their Facebooks....people share everything, and aren't afraid to put it all out there.....

Why is the Google book project so controversial?I

The Google Book Project is taking volumes and volumes of books from select Universities throughout the Midwest and digitizing their contents.  This project is so controversial because it may change the future on how publishers publish their books.  Also,  Google may be stepping on if not breaking many infringement laws on the publications they are scanning, by recreating the original in a more condensed form or by allowing these texts to be viewed for a small fee via the Internet.  Google has already been forced to pay $125M in copyright infringement claims by publishers, but the project remains in full swing to encompass digitizing over 75 millions volumes, each at different universities that are taking part in the program.

How did the evolution of printing change communication?

The evolution of printing changed communication drastically all over the world.  With the invention of paper in China, to its' distribution and production  spreading throughout Europe, communication through this type of medium began to flourish.   Our Western Civilization also owes the Chinese for their wood block style printing, which was the precursor to the printing press.  The printing press opened the world of communication in book form to the masses, once again helping this type of communication to evolve.  


Once books and tablets were produced and inexpensively, and literature and language were easily attainable, communication became much easier than having to wait for the scribes to transcribe the stories of literary masters of the past.  The ability to print anything for anyone, and easily being able to share ideas and ideals, opened up a whole new world of intellectuals and scholars.     Having the ability to read noted works or to study the world was unavailable to the commoners until the production of the printing press, which revolutionized the way that we communicated from person to person, city to city and country to country throughout the world.  


Once books were spreading the words of many journalists, novelists and scholars, communication began to change form with people producing other  forms of communications, like flyers, newspapers, posters, broadsheets and hand bills (programs).  Communication sky-rocketed with the inventions of these formats of paper communications.  

Where do you stand on the ethical questions raised by Shattered Glass?

My stance on the ethical questions raised by the movie SHATTERED GLASS is that what Stephen Glass did was ethically and morally WRONG.  Furthermore, it was apparent that even though his moral compass should have directed him differently, the excitement from his colleagues with his "fabricated" and "fictional" stories, overshadowed his reasoning and ethical fortitude.  Again I take the stance that what he did, regardless of his reasoning was wrong and inexcusable.


Journalism is a profession where what you provide as factual information, should be nothing less than FACTUAL.  I feel that each and every journalist has the moralistic duty to provide straight forward information, regardless of the subject matter.  If Stephen felt so enlightened to fabricate his fictional characters and/or story content about real people, the he should have removed himself from his job as a writer at the New Republic and should have started writing books about the fictional characters he was creating.  

What is MASS COMMUNICATIONS?

Mass Communications is defined as a form of communication that is shared with  an individual or a large number of people at one time through a transmitting device.  This form of communication includes 6 entities known as the sender,   the message, the receiver and the channel.  These elements in turn produce feedback and noise. Mass Communications provides communication by sending out a message to consumers through a mass communication system.  This message is delivered very rapidly and then the message is sent to large numbers of individuals.   This type of communication also uses your senses to reveal the message.  Mass Communications involve the use of sight & sound to convey the message and evoke a response, whether immediately or at a later time or date after hearing or viewing the message.

These communications come through devices such as your radio, your television, your cell phone and the Internet.  But additional ways that Mass communications come into our lives are through Books, newspapers, magazines, DVDs and CD's.

Explain the differences between one-way & Two-way Communication and explain why two-way communication is important for the new communications network

One-way communication is generally the communication that you have with yourself regarding the information you are taking in and analyzing how to use it.  This type of communication is known as intrapersonal communication.  We use this type of communication individually thousands of times each day.


To communicate with other people in our lives, we evoke a response from our 5 senses and perform two-way communication, or what is called interpersonal communication.  This sharing of information between two people also numerous times throughout each day, as we engage with people at home, at work, at restaurants, stores, just about anywhere we decide to go in a days time.


This interpersonal two-way communication is vitally important in today's world.  Having a constant avenue of two-way communication allows us to be inundated with the communications that make up what we call MASS COMMUNICATIONS.  Being able to have a two-way channel of communication allows for us to take in information and provide instant feedback on how we like or dislike what has been shared.  Without two-way communication, networks like Facebook, my space or twitter would not exist.  These mass communication programs rely specifically on each of us wanting to have a two-way communication network with other people in our lives.

Why should we study media of earlier civilzations?

It is vitally important to study the media of earlier civilizations in order to  understand how communication began and continues to change, not only here in our country, but throughout the world.  Developing a strong understanding of communications and how they were formulated is important from an educational standpoint, not only for communication majors, but for the general public as well.  For example, it is important to understand the initial communications were found on cave walls and on clay tablets in every country in the world.  These "symbols" were drawn or painted onto surfaces enabling the exchange of ideas from one person to the another.  Understanding the discovery of ideograms and the use of these symbols throughout history is also pertinent in understanding communication through the ages.  Furthermore gaining understanding in the history of writing, as it serves as a form of exchanging ideas is most relevant.  This medium provided an additional communication avenue that had not been seen before, and gave way to providing an additional communication avenue that recorded pertinent information and shared ideas among the masses.